tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32766800733322145772024-03-18T21:09:07.272-07:00Glacial MassachusettsHi! I'm Katie and I'm a geologist working in New England, studying the geologic history of the region. Here, I will share with you information about different field areas that I research, as well as some general background about this area. Thanks for dropping by!Unknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger15125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3276680073332214577.post-26114190937716575432013-05-29T15:10:00.001-07:002013-05-29T18:02:36.148-07:00Concord RiverHello everyone!<br />
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Yesterday I visited the Concord River, in Concord, near where Rt. 62E crosses Rt. 2. The Concord River is a tributary of the Merrimack River. It begins in Concord, where the Assabet and Sudbury Rivers combine and drains into the Merrimack in Lowell.<br />
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By using <a href="http://glacialmass.blogspot.com/2013/05/how-to-determine-age-of-river.html">this guide</a> that I posted a while ago, I was able to determine the that the Concord River is an mature river and its valley was most likely formed during the last ice age. Here are a few reasons why I came to this conclusion:<br />
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1. The Concord River has a relatively low gradient. At its greatest, the river has a gradient of around 5 to 5.5 feet per mile and at its lowest the gradient is less than one inch per mile. Since the gradient is low, the velocity is low as well, and therefore there is deposition as well as erosion. These are all traits of a mature river (River Stewardship Council).<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1rpVIVj_-7HSltA3awZa-720_g4SRnDia2bXKvh8BdPB7WldXI6ovV_1iZBvKJQp0yOeMsHuZhotkuxp-yEGroGRiofCxHTdYbeH01jqRcN_hc6Q7P495tBmDnt35MCaeLGwVoWqmRzg/s1600/CR2.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="315" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1rpVIVj_-7HSltA3awZa-720_g4SRnDia2bXKvh8BdPB7WldXI6ovV_1iZBvKJQp0yOeMsHuZhotkuxp-yEGroGRiofCxHTdYbeH01jqRcN_hc6Q7P495tBmDnt35MCaeLGwVoWqmRzg/s400/CR2.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">As you can see in this photo, the Concord River has a low gradient and velocity in this location.</td></tr>
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2. The Concord River also has a small flood plain. Mature rivers have small floodplains because they have experienced some flooding events, but not as many as old rivers. Each flooding event widens the floodplain, so if the mature river has experienced more floods than a young river but less than an old one, it makes sense for the floodplain to be small sized.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixALkewdlMF2EbKE1SV70jTlDSimUqjLJFukwyJtNAfFSDWMel1AyY01ximATvuZxsPz5Ljsi4nUfZaE9zZaStjFRqF1R4Jy2ew1PZt1IXdeCcTzyi6bmj0z3rSJ8JJ0UvKC9sLDEReX0/s1600/CR1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixALkewdlMF2EbKE1SV70jTlDSimUqjLJFukwyJtNAfFSDWMel1AyY01ximATvuZxsPz5Ljsi4nUfZaE9zZaStjFRqF1R4Jy2ew1PZt1IXdeCcTzyi6bmj0z3rSJ8JJ0UvKC9sLDEReX0/s400/CR1.jpg" width="310" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">As shown here, the floodplain is quite small. </td></tr>
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3. The Concord River also has slight meanders, signifying that it is mature. Meanders form when deposition and erosion occur on either side of the river. Slowly, the river begins to curve to the side of the erosion, making it so that the deposition occurs on the inside of the curve where the water is slowest and doesn't have the energy to carry as much sediment. This forms a feature called a point bar. The erosion happens on the outside of the meander because the water is moving faster and can pick up more sediment, forming a cut bank. It takes time for both cut banks and point bars to form and it takes time for the river to slow down enough for there to be deposition, so large meanders are generally associated with older rivers. Since these meanders are small, it means that the river is only just starting to slow down and develop these features.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsoWVjYoC1CSn6mc1BYknRTeDn-YufrhR5ntZdTuN6PxZeuHxmf-DahAMvctl8_j6Mr8Kicot-s44mZoYnMBYafJWsfTBiXruSjDU8IyVhNq_F5N6GRluDMblpkEtOZcdTEJSVP-Schco/s1600/Screen+Shot+2013-05-29+at+5.58.48+PM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsoWVjYoC1CSn6mc1BYknRTeDn-YufrhR5ntZdTuN6PxZeuHxmf-DahAMvctl8_j6Mr8Kicot-s44mZoYnMBYafJWsfTBiXruSjDU8IyVhNq_F5N6GRluDMblpkEtOZcdTEJSVP-Schco/s640/Screen+Shot+2013-05-29+at+5.58.48+PM.png" width="315" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">This map shows almost the entire Concord River, and as you can see, the meanders are slight.</td></tr>
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4. The Concord River also has a few small tributaries. The older the river, the more tributaries it has. Since this river has only a few, it must be mature as opposed to old in age.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgb0NKZJrErmSC81g7hqQfAwDcnJZm7yf7BJZulAhvhYK_Pxk7KlsU5VdBKLR9BNgeCFZNpldeMWNTkKdDBSNU1j2e-VSNdxhFJHBBogtnPvPzRhhacUeG_qblrrPwO4ZxoHpbLjIXO7t0/s1600/Screen+Shot+2013-05-29+at+5.57.19+PM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="371" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgb0NKZJrErmSC81g7hqQfAwDcnJZm7yf7BJZulAhvhYK_Pxk7KlsU5VdBKLR9BNgeCFZNpldeMWNTkKdDBSNU1j2e-VSNdxhFJHBBogtnPvPzRhhacUeG_qblrrPwO4ZxoHpbLjIXO7t0/s400/Screen+Shot+2013-05-29+at+5.57.19+PM.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">This map shows a few of the small tributaries of the Concord River.</td></tr>
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5. Additionally, the Concord River lacks many river features that are associated with old rivers. For example, there are not many oxbow lakes or meander cutoffs, and levees and meander scars are pretty nonexistent. Since it is a mature river it hasn't had enough time to develop these features yet.<br />
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6. Additionally, the Concord River Valley was formed by glaciers. We know this because of the shape of the valley. Glaciers carve U-shaped valleys since they erode on all sides (except the top, obviously), while rivers create V-shaped valleys since they only erode downwards. The Concord River Valley is more U-shaped than V-shaped, so it was carved by glaciers.<br />
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Have a fantastic day!<br />
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Image Citations:<br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Maps copyright Google Maps</span><br />
<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3276680073332214577.post-55202689324848494402013-05-29T12:23:00.000-07:002013-05-30T13:56:59.422-07:00Fairyland Pond<b id="docs-internal-guid--7302399-f1b4-dbd0-a8f4-c87515dc9f83" style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPF0A1_zosFtOIiJwL-EfMtjY9qbRaFS5vXgWNNquSCY5ZABXDwWoc0ryiutCAEbpWpc5lbt-bC_8KXtJdzM4mspGh4LMEC_XvgBszpjOoBYv8MB3CE9CaAoZRuKDqt4rvIuQ-noXf0SE/s1600/FP3.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPF0A1_zosFtOIiJwL-EfMtjY9qbRaFS5vXgWNNquSCY5ZABXDwWoc0ryiutCAEbpWpc5lbt-bC_8KXtJdzM4mspGh4LMEC_XvgBszpjOoBYv8MB3CE9CaAoZRuKDqt4rvIuQ-noXf0SE/s400/FP3.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The path to Fairyland Pond</td></tr>
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<b id="docs-internal-guid--7302399-f1b4-dbd0-a8f4-c87515dc9f83" style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Hello everyone!</span></span></b></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<b id="docs-internal-guid--7302399-f1b4-dbd0-a8f4-c87515dc9f83" style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Recently, I took a little field trip to Concord to see Fairyland Pond. It is across the street from Concord-Carlisle High School, about 500 feet into the woods.</span></span></b></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEha0IcfZEkYxsM1uO2hpX9IVznh6I-rnrLmjpgYHSl6gRanS9lddHtIP2Oy_EsgYDtj02AXH3aBVWVKr0pk6Oo9e-5Sbo8roYJF1ftbLM6-2D076pEn-RvB1UHXSsyTxw8UGWU6IRPLAx8/s1600/FP1.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEha0IcfZEkYxsM1uO2hpX9IVznh6I-rnrLmjpgYHSl6gRanS9lddHtIP2Oy_EsgYDtj02AXH3aBVWVKr0pk6Oo9e-5Sbo8roYJF1ftbLM6-2D076pEn-RvB1UHXSsyTxw8UGWU6IRPLAx8/s400/FP1.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Looking across the pond. You can sort of tell how steep the surrounding land is.</td></tr>
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<b id="docs-internal-guid--7302399-f1b4-dbd0-a8f4-c87515dc9f83" style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b id="docs-internal-guid--7302399-f1b4-dbd0-a8f4-c87515dc9f83" style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"></span></b></span></b></div>
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<b style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"><br /></span></span></span></b></span></b>
<b id="docs-internal-guid--7302399-f1b4-dbd0-a8f4-c87515dc9f83" style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b id="docs-internal-guid--7302399-f1b4-dbd0-a8f4-c87515dc9f83" style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Fairyland Pond is about 450 feet long and on average around 190 feet wide. It is very shallow; the maximum depth is only 4 feet. Fairyland pond is a kettle lake. If you don’t know what that is, please head on <a href="http://glacialmass.blogspot.com/2013/05/kettle-holes.html">over here</a> to learn more about this awesome feature. There are also many steep sides surrounding the pond. These steep sides are kames, features that forms when sediment accumulates on top of the glacier and is then deposited on the ground as a hill when the glacier melts. To learn more about kames, please <a href="http://glacialmass.blogspot.com/2013/05/kames.html">click here</a>. Together, these two features form a kame and kettle landscape which is very common in glacial outwash plains.</span></span></b></span></b></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHS7h9Jf_sK-_1myV7GQkkUvs5jJm3x-y3x_zi4OvHA7XT6DLqr9RDNiviSXeQWCr75Sx5xuqkqkZhC21_zriSec89m9CaLlxoSPzd4knKEmzdaYI92Nk_vsCszbt39y4v4l-2hoo_XUw/s1600/FP2.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="330" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHS7h9Jf_sK-_1myV7GQkkUvs5jJm3x-y3x_zi4OvHA7XT6DLqr9RDNiviSXeQWCr75Sx5xuqkqkZhC21_zriSec89m9CaLlxoSPzd4knKEmzdaYI92Nk_vsCszbt39y4v4l-2hoo_XUw/s400/FP2.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Another angle of the pond.</td></tr>
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<b style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">How do we know that Fairyland pond is a kettle lake and not just a regular lake? Well, normal lakes rely on rivers to constantly supply them with water, so there are typically many streams flowing in and out of them. Kettle lakes, however, are special. They get their water when the outwash from the glacier drains into them. Therefore, it is uncommon for there to be streams flowing into them, supplying them with water. That is the case for Fairyland Pond, there is only a small brook that drains out of it. </span></span></b><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwO5vzCCV_CRTdd5vR-ygh1eZIDJaSSGjB_hviDnocxBPYSFb1KvnFqtyqMXzxEyEP7NUUuuNBT_JmiZ6ddxn4vByiqJZ5XeeDdEwmD3C6r5L1MJkwl3cDZ5SKrhQsoN2OHkjkG_tlxS0/s1600/Screen+Shot+2013-05-29+at+2.31.27+PM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="281" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwO5vzCCV_CRTdd5vR-ygh1eZIDJaSSGjB_hviDnocxBPYSFb1KvnFqtyqMXzxEyEP7NUUuuNBT_JmiZ6ddxn4vByiqJZ5XeeDdEwmD3C6r5L1MJkwl3cDZ5SKrhQsoN2OHkjkG_tlxS0/s400/Screen+Shot+2013-05-29+at+2.31.27+PM.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">This map shows the steepness of the kames around the pond, as well as the solitary stream running out of it.</td></tr>
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<b style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Tessie had a ton of fun walking around Fairyland Pond with me and hopes you have a fantastic day!</span></span></b><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigia_LxXIA-evf6arMA72i0S70VhIKiILctzQkvfUtn2MYrnjF-mVmheeQbaG6LSca3At5UqPhRpHF-fU41P2bIZbzZqswNCpuxC-eFevUQo_xj1yyfxcN1fdMKX3ab34Kn6spO9eo9Xs/s1600/FP4.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigia_LxXIA-evf6arMA72i0S70VhIKiILctzQkvfUtn2MYrnjF-mVmheeQbaG6LSca3At5UqPhRpHF-fU41P2bIZbzZqswNCpuxC-eFevUQo_xj1yyfxcN1fdMKX3ab34Kn6spO9eo9Xs/s400/FP4.JPG" width="400" /></a></div>
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<b style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Image Citation:</span></span></b><br />
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">Map copyright Google Maps</span></span></b>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3276680073332214577.post-73073780807754580552013-05-28T16:56:00.000-07:002013-05-30T13:57:44.579-07:00Acton Arboretum<div dir="ltr" id="docs-internal-guid-22b737de-d706-dd87-19f3-f95596e13acf" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.actontrails.org/images/mArboretum.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><img border="0" height="400" src="http://www.actontrails.org/images/mArboretum.jpg" width="336" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Map of the Acton Arboretum. The esker is located on the southwestern tip of the Blog Loop.</span></td></tr>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;">Hello everybody!</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;">T</span><span style="line-height: 1.15;">oday
I went to the Acton Arboretum, home of a special glacial feature: an
esker! If you would like to learn more about how an esker forms, please
check out <a href="http://glacialmass.blogspot.com/2013/05/eskers.html">this post</a>.</span></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCap657nfVoi0HINj3dyZSP83djaAV6xdqgdHUtpdvQI-2QzsK79YMpsf-8A5EY_VwMlb-xzYI_d04uroFMKJ08xqpTslpOJVO1JHzwqoyFZGyjl7o9PQMYdZsM4hWz7i9FMItMX8eVBg/s1600/AA1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCap657nfVoi0HINj3dyZSP83djaAV6xdqgdHUtpdvQI-2QzsK79YMpsf-8A5EY_VwMlb-xzYI_d04uroFMKJ08xqpTslpOJVO1JHzwqoyFZGyjl7o9PQMYdZsM4hWz7i9FMItMX8eVBg/s400/AA1.jpg" width="300" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Looking up to the top of the esker.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;">This
esker is located on the southern tip of the Bog Loop Trail, one of the
many paths in the arboretum. It was about 20 feet high and it runs
north-south, which indicates that the glacier moved in that direction as
well, since eskers typically run parallel to the direction of glacial
flow. </span></span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;">The
esker was made of well sorted sediment, which makes sense since all of
the sediment would have been deposited by water. In fact, the stream
that deposited all of the sediment to create this esker was one of the
tributaries that fed glacial lake Sudbury many years ago. </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFf963qZNwbTWp-csNYDbZXW0LXqlXeeRL0dLInHWh6wFBCtmBg10fG2ssifbtwyW4VrTNB4kLwvBkIjUx-9narM3DtW01Sk-HrCR0E1k6FOSJ0bqVvCad46k4WbUJZU_5RR8pk8V49JI/s1600/AA2.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><img border="0" height="293" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFf963qZNwbTWp-csNYDbZXW0LXqlXeeRL0dLInHWh6wFBCtmBg10fG2ssifbtwyW4VrTNB4kLwvBkIjUx-9narM3DtW01Sk-HrCR0E1k6FOSJ0bqVvCad46k4WbUJZU_5RR8pk8V49JI/s400/AA2.JPG" width="400" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">The view down one side of the esker.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmNOACk7uj8qe_FxsDx6EMM4-6A9StfuNQtI9G3lKrV9s9ZQ5TuXOtjhYgwtYgpIST8xFheoGrchhpzRiwJGQNvOw5Dqxg634-19P9lOEGWRaDhUu8HmeyGtDQoFvZPW7oEDomp9qEKMQ/s1600/AA3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmNOACk7uj8qe_FxsDx6EMM4-6A9StfuNQtI9G3lKrV9s9ZQ5TuXOtjhYgwtYgpIST8xFheoGrchhpzRiwJGQNvOw5Dqxg634-19P9lOEGWRaDhUu8HmeyGtDQoFvZPW7oEDomp9qEKMQ/s400/AA3.jpg" width="300" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">The view down the other side of the esker.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;">Another
thing I noticed while I was walking through the Arboretum was how many
stone walls there were throughout the woods. During colonial times,
farmers would remove the stones used to make these walls out of the
ground that they were plowing. One of the reasons that stone walls are
so abundant in this area is because the soil is glacial till, sediment
that was shoved along and eroded under the glacier. Glacial till is
poorly sorted, so having large rocks in it is very common.
Unfortunately, it does not lead to easy farming...</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span></span>
The Acton Arboretum is also renowned for its flowers, and when I visited, many were in full bloom.<br />
<span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEie2IaKjUvyT22OdQ9NFpjkoVUaQxbKMpVCe8sPuKeQpgWqs5AEfy2H1odzokN-mYmPyemKo0nr496gS8_maEnQQk8f417HJcUAL0ud70uyg8ketbwNrkhb9LwVNmZodbz8QntVMdNFJlU/s1600/AA4.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEie2IaKjUvyT22OdQ9NFpjkoVUaQxbKMpVCe8sPuKeQpgWqs5AEfy2H1odzokN-mYmPyemKo0nr496gS8_maEnQQk8f417HJcUAL0ud70uyg8ketbwNrkhb9LwVNmZodbz8QntVMdNFJlU/s400/AA4.JPG" width="400" /></a></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPFwcDGd78V6ZMWgeQPktwyCYY5kyB5V-qF-b4HSr4U9d-kBP2rOnWThDnmCSUB5gyO70ddpW8chK0Rsg4Rqf1TpLuvXqrS9TT_4wtbK7J5p2sH8GTwZLqxJgdvLqpuTGKYzPtZnGTUis/s1600/AA5.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPFwcDGd78V6ZMWgeQPktwyCYY5kyB5V-qF-b4HSr4U9d-kBP2rOnWThDnmCSUB5gyO70ddpW8chK0Rsg4Rqf1TpLuvXqrS9TT_4wtbK7J5p2sH8GTwZLqxJgdvLqpuTGKYzPtZnGTUis/s400/AA5.JPG" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
Have a fantastic day!</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
Image citations:</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<b id="docs-internal-guid-666f0d88-e151-8447-76ff-3ca6223e180c" style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Arboretum Map</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. Digital image. </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Acton Conservation Land</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 May 2013. <http://www.actontrails.org/images/mArboretum.jpg>.</span></span></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: 15px;"><br /></span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3276680073332214577.post-53651307945538144812013-05-28T16:54:00.000-07:002013-05-29T15:14:06.242-07:00Author's Ridge<div dir="ltr" id="docs-internal-guid-4d702508-d705-37cb-d0b1-fad2abdac556" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiS4zq52khNUERK0tCHX2EtD0NauqyDjjRdqM5j4k9SqcN4MBwFCMlujhON4XjT8HJhiAT0EIothdMmYn2oxfyX8yF3h2T7qQBCXtFbowmxNOpxguDmU8vYgLZ7n7SUB4xXm0tDnHxlU6U/s1600/DSC01914.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiS4zq52khNUERK0tCHX2EtD0NauqyDjjRdqM5j4k9SqcN4MBwFCMlujhON4XjT8HJhiAT0EIothdMmYn2oxfyX8yF3h2T7qQBCXtFbowmxNOpxguDmU8vYgLZ7n7SUB4xXm0tDnHxlU6U/s400/DSC01914.jpg" width="300" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">The top of the kame delta (you can use the headstones as a reference for scale)</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;">Hello everyone!</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;"> Yesterday Tessie and I went to Author’s Ridge in Concord, Ma to look at the kame delta that is located there. </span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;"> If you would like to learn about how a kame delta forms in general,
please head on over to <a href="http://glacialmass.blogspot.com/2013/05/kame-deltas.html">this post</a> that I wrote awhile ago. </span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<div style="line-height: 1.15;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.15;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.15;"> This kame delta in particular formed when the Laurentide Ice sheet
reached to just north of Massachusetts Route 2. There, meltwater flowed
off of the glacier into Lake Sudbury, which was just south of there,
creating this feature. We know that the glacier was located north of the
Author’s Ridge due to the direction of the layers of sediment. The
layers are parallel to the southwestern, steeper side of the ridge, which
means that the meltwater from the glacier that deposited the sediment
flowed down that side. This means the ice contact slope was the other (northerneastern side). That then tells us that Glacial Lake Concord was southwest of the
kame delta, since the meltwater ran down the southwestern slope into the
lake.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.15;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.15;"><br /></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://middlesexgeology.weebly.com/uploads/2/3/8/5/2385615/3232311.jpg?345x383" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><img border="0" height="400" src="http://middlesexgeology.weebly.com/uploads/2/3/8/5/2385615/3232311.jpg?345x383" width="360" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">This map shows the direction of the layers of sediment on the Kame Delta.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPQinKrmQsMiF6KKE7PkaVpSFFqS9G4Q4IeOGzVKJPfymhtpPq_5BJH5EdXHQq5cHG55LsQfLEXREEMYM2s00A-CZCd4pYGncp-GEz27yUO2I9PnYYFglJPC9NLsBuaIywBsIVLJUIdiU/s1600/AR2.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPQinKrmQsMiF6KKE7PkaVpSFFqS9G4Q4IeOGzVKJPfymhtpPq_5BJH5EdXHQq5cHG55LsQfLEXREEMYM2s00A-CZCd4pYGncp-GEz27yUO2I9PnYYFglJPC9NLsBuaIywBsIVLJUIdiU/s400/AR2.JPG" width="400" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">The view down the side of the delta that the sediment is parallel to. </span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiP9VLcQwSfB9jw_KezA8XHo6_UtmNqRwUEZ6-KpaYp3YEZ2yyiAYOHpAIuniqX5IIXzMC0Hsu34I9eXhupd82uyDYwgrq3nW6FqY59lS_Ynuto5hMaYzQC7OOKLIl5E-CljWQMVR0naPw/s1600/AR1.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><img border="0" height="281" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiP9VLcQwSfB9jw_KezA8XHo6_UtmNqRwUEZ6-KpaYp3YEZ2yyiAYOHpAIuniqX5IIXzMC0Hsu34I9eXhupd82uyDYwgrq3nW6FqY59lS_Ynuto5hMaYzQC7OOKLIl5E-CljWQMVR0naPw/s400/AR1.JPG" width="400" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">The view down the ice contact slope of the kame delta.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="line-height: 1.15;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.15; text-indent: 36pt;"><br /></span>
<span style="line-height: 1.15; text-indent: 36pt;">We also know that the glacier was moving northeast to southwest due to the
direction the ridge is running. The kame delta runs southeast to northwest. These
features always form parallel to the snout of the glacier, so the snout
must have been running east-west. Glaciers always more perpendicular to
the snout, so the glacier moved northeast to southwest.</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.15;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.15; text-indent: 36pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.15;">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCf2fnVt1S34U2erlrC76ouW2kIVjwG7ek4b2Mg50bRsaIn7bldYCizr6cSS7TTG6bd68Wt_t8CTg6Xs6QqBZb5lBb49M6oM59hWL_vUmdBFsg2qKmPaKJ58IopAUD3z3dXaO_VMm-pQ8/s1600/Screen+Shot+2013-05-28+at+4.14.43+PM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="281" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCf2fnVt1S34U2erlrC76ouW2kIVjwG7ek4b2Mg50bRsaIn7bldYCizr6cSS7TTG6bd68Wt_t8CTg6Xs6QqBZb5lBb49M6oM59hWL_vUmdBFsg2qKmPaKJ58IopAUD3z3dXaO_VMm-pQ8/s400/Screen+Shot+2013-05-28+at+4.14.43+PM.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Here's a little map that I made showing the relative location of the delta, the lake and the glacier.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Have a fantastic day!</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.15;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.15; text-indent: 36pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.15;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.15; text-indent: 36pt;">Image Citations:</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.15;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.15; text-indent: 36pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.15;">
<b id="docs-internal-guid-666f0d88-e106-2ace-fb64-4eb0113bb627" style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: white; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Formation of Walden Pond</span><span style="background-color: white; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. Digital image. </span><span style="background-color: white; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Geology of Middlesex County</span><span style="background-color: white; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 May 2013. <http://middlesexgeology.weebly.com/uploads/2/3/8/5/2385615/3232311.jpg?345x383>.</span></span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.15;">
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.15;">
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></b></div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3276680073332214577.post-33451087671308095012013-05-28T16:53:00.001-07:002013-05-30T13:59:38.106-07:00Drumlin Farm<div dir="ltr" id="docs-internal-guid-15fd2dc0-d702-684c-0777-301851742c60" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;">Hello everyone!</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;">
I recently visited Drumlin Farm in Lincoln. As you have probably
guessed based on the name, a drumlin is located there. It is a great
spot, with many trails that lead you around and on top of the drumlin
and in the fields surrounding the farmyard.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;"> This drumlin was about 270 ft tall and around 1,050 ft long. If you
don’t know what a drumlin is, please pop on over to <a href="http://glacialmass.blogspot.com/2013/05/drumlins.html">this post</a> to learn
more about them. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;"> The steepest side of the drumlin was the eastern slope and the side
with a more gradual slope was the western one. As you know, a drumlin
forms when the glacier bulldozes the sediment in front of it forward.
Eventually, the glacier then either stops pushing and glides over the
hill of sediment that accumulated at its snout, or, meltwater runs from
the top of the glacier down the hill of sediment. In either case, this
results is an asymmetrical hill, or a drumlin. Therefore, you can
determine the direction the glacier was moving by looking at the
steepness of its sides. The glacier always would have moved in the
direction the gradual side is facing. Therefore, the when the Laurentide
Ice sheet created this drumlin, it was moving from east to west because the gradual side of the drumlin is facing north. </span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDX3EClhmX7WUOECBq-WWYVD5qP0Mo96zNHgWaJaSvUQ3lenqJZk0y7736FJUQLIP-sggSObUo7As7ybZG-vP4eTv5yy0GWX2y6ZkZGP3-2KVBchDySOga-kcUYP7UNgu47-VlmOt6jys/s1600/Screen+Shot+2013-05-29+at+2.33.00+PM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="218" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDX3EClhmX7WUOECBq-WWYVD5qP0Mo96zNHgWaJaSvUQ3lenqJZk0y7736FJUQLIP-sggSObUo7As7ybZG-vP4eTv5yy0GWX2y6ZkZGP3-2KVBchDySOga-kcUYP7UNgu47-VlmOt6jys/s400/Screen+Shot+2013-05-29+at+2.33.00+PM.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">As shown here, the steep side of the drumlin was the eastern side while the gradual one was the western side, indicating that the glacier moved from east to west.</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEii1RVO8tgcID84yRFxPyVjTd3xoQ1J5OEFWkoXDuhoy9kvh6I-Us7vGVqVOWxc4RpinEh1BR0auG9cp2iush5W4CAPjbKWBDHNwFdQ8aEluba4KOp9NwIEALLU-aO1RTlD1G6Zp_iz1AY/s1600/DSC01869.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><img border="0" height="275" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEii1RVO8tgcID84yRFxPyVjTd3xoQ1J5OEFWkoXDuhoy9kvh6I-Us7vGVqVOWxc4RpinEh1BR0auG9cp2iush5W4CAPjbKWBDHNwFdQ8aEluba4KOp9NwIEALLU-aO1RTlD1G6Zp_iz1AY/s400/DSC01869.JPG" width="400" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">This is a view down the gradually sloping side of the drumlin.</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhj67qBO65O-iBMEnaOoTfNut4Patq_QwfStz4XUUBTFRi6NEez7tDif3FHfxdoum6qescn0mAZIAMOFB8ayRlGHIlQep-JoxV-WNVZrU0Nk7jkk1r4opYAoIT2Jp9ZT6T-4pMvqLQ7NcQ/s1600/DSC01880.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhj67qBO65O-iBMEnaOoTfNut4Patq_QwfStz4XUUBTFRi6NEez7tDif3FHfxdoum6qescn0mAZIAMOFB8ayRlGHIlQep-JoxV-WNVZrU0Nk7jkk1r4opYAoIT2Jp9ZT6T-4pMvqLQ7NcQ/s400/DSC01880.jpg" width="300" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">This is a view looking up a steeper side of the drumlin.</span></td></tr>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;">
Also, at the top of the drumlin, I noticed a large boulder on top of
the drumlin. It is an erratic, a rock that was displaced from its
original location by the glacier. I climbed up on it, and from the top I
could see spectacular views of many of the towns surrounding Lincoln.</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxPqM2meM_K_N-7ylnnL6e_we3BV7PQmdaxuYHJVvo4Y_ggyQKskAp2VdQlge_WBp9GZQKmLMzpbqK65W7d_soR1a2xifWjikS2-uHmIgNVv7TfVmjFT2jtoHxVOhTl5eu_Jdub361bqY/s1600/DSC01862.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxPqM2meM_K_N-7ylnnL6e_we3BV7PQmdaxuYHJVvo4Y_ggyQKskAp2VdQlge_WBp9GZQKmLMzpbqK65W7d_soR1a2xifWjikS2-uHmIgNVv7TfVmjFT2jtoHxVOhTl5eu_Jdub361bqY/s400/DSC01862.JPG" width="400" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">The erratic</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEYzIUWY5dpNPr1STZR-V8xlD_fdyOX7UrmvXefNYUpiqoIWwNvJQ_xG8AVaKVwM3PoNNu-Y2AO_y8IKrDpRu3iIlDmO7V0ouf_qHkfdit6YYhip2v8LHVZ5Nq8bu6GzARqPAQAfFPmfI/s1600/DSC01864.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEYzIUWY5dpNPr1STZR-V8xlD_fdyOX7UrmvXefNYUpiqoIWwNvJQ_xG8AVaKVwM3PoNNu-Y2AO_y8IKrDpRu3iIlDmO7V0ouf_qHkfdit6YYhip2v8LHVZ5Nq8bu6GzARqPAQAfFPmfI/s400/DSC01864.jpg" width="356" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">The view from atop the erratic</span></td></tr>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;">
I couldn’t leave Drumlin Farm without looking at the animals, so with
the time I had left I took a quick peek into the barnyard. Since it is
the spring, there were many adorable baby animals playing outside,
enjoying the beautiful spring day.</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNbPxlcBvPOQq_9yqRkqchuE_VgpBucPqeGynsPJtebOZKkrmgpDsKefHHeMKA0olObcTWC5nssahgcu_ZygniBxOMF5kewjTeK_WJumoGvX9cd5hxpCPiDF2jZ7pKp3vy1wEro6rLsN4/s1600/DSC01884.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNbPxlcBvPOQq_9yqRkqchuE_VgpBucPqeGynsPJtebOZKkrmgpDsKefHHeMKA0olObcTWC5nssahgcu_ZygniBxOMF5kewjTeK_WJumoGvX9cd5hxpCPiDF2jZ7pKp3vy1wEro6rLsN4/s320/DSC01884.JPG" width="320" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">A couple of kids</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQ80ijCTRb8YtVllZR5iFrMSysUpjX0OKxK9cI5ht11xKD-wxxzRa_rRmKvQPmITntkdMsQHIjihLR1yZ-czl5xzQuHBej_YoR2UkUNnNdXc3xc2K4tns7pjieOV5vcZIRB5QmK-hWyQ0/s1600/DSC01887.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><img border="0" height="310" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQ80ijCTRb8YtVllZR5iFrMSysUpjX0OKxK9cI5ht11xKD-wxxzRa_rRmKvQPmITntkdMsQHIjihLR1yZ-czl5xzQuHBej_YoR2UkUNnNdXc3xc2K4tns7pjieOV5vcZIRB5QmK-hWyQ0/s320/DSC01887.JPG" width="320" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">A little lamb</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br />Have a fantastic day!</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Image citation:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">Map copyright Google Maps</span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com12tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3276680073332214577.post-58523735247496528662013-05-28T16:53:00.000-07:002013-05-30T14:11:05.624-07:00How To Determine the Age of a River<div class="" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<b id="docs-internal-guid-3e788b8d-e795-e0bc-8d94-b7870825b8dc" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.15;"><span style="font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">* Please note: rivers and streams are interchangeable terms, they are not separate features. *</span></b></div>
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<b id="docs-internal-guid-3e788b8d-e795-e0bc-8d94-b7870825b8dc" style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span></span></b>
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<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<b id="docs-internal-guid-3e788b8d-e795-e0bc-8d94-b7870825b8dc" style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">As they age, rivers change dramatically. Here are a few features that will help you determine the age of a river.</span></b><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://info.geonet.org.nz/download/attachments/951751/young-river-30-09-2007-3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="http://info.geonet.org.nz/download/attachments/951751/young-river-30-09-2007-3.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">This is a young river due to its high elevation and V-shaped valley.</td></tr>
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<b id="docs-internal-guid-3e788b8d-e795-e0bc-8d94-b7870825b8dc" style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<b id="docs-internal-guid-3e788b8d-e795-e0bc-8d94-b7870825b8dc" style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">
<span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span></span></b><br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<b id="docs-internal-guid-3e788b8d-e795-e0bc-8d94-b7870825b8dc" style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Young Rivers:</span></span></b><br />
<b id="docs-internal-guid-3e788b8d-e795-e0bc-8d94-b7870825b8dc" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.15;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">- They typically </span><span style="font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">form near drainage divides</span><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, areas where on watershed meets another. These divides are at high elevations.</span></span></b></div>
<b id="docs-internal-guid-3e788b8d-e795-e0bc-8d94-b7870825b8dc" style="font-weight: normal;">
</b>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<b id="docs-internal-guid-3e788b8d-e795-e0bc-8d94-b7870825b8dc" style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">- Young rivers have </span><span style="font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">high gradients</span><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> due to the fact that they have not had enough time to down cut (erode downwards) to base level.</span></span></b></div>
<b id="docs-internal-guid-3e788b8d-e795-e0bc-8d94-b7870825b8dc" style="font-weight: normal;">
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">- However, they want to get to base level, so there is a lot of </span><span style="font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">downcutting</span><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">.</span></span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">- They have a </span><span style="font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">high velocity</span><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> due to their high gradients, and therefore erode much more than they deposit.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">- The material at the banks of young rivers are very prone to </span><span style="font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">mass wasting</span><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> because of all the erosion from the stream.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">- The river cuts a </span><span style="font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">v-shaped valley</span><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> as it erodes.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">- Due to the high gradient and velocity, there are many</span><span style="font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> rapids</span><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> and </span><span style="font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">waterfalls</span><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">- Young rivers are generally very </span><span style="font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">straight</span><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> because there hasn’t been enough deposition to form meanders yet.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://media.treehugger.com/assets/images/2011/10/amazon-river-hydropiracy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><img border="0" height="298" src="http://media.treehugger.com/assets/images/2011/10/amazon-river-hydropiracy.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">The Amazon River is a mature river because of its slight meanders and it has a few tributaries.</span></td></tr>
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<span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Mature Rivers:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">- This is the point in which the river is halfway between being young and old, so it has some features similar to an old river, and some similar to a young one.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">- Mature rivers develope a </span><span style="font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">small floodplain</span><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> on either side of the channel due to deposition from flooding events</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">- It begins to form </span><span style="font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">slight meanders</span><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> as the deposition increases in some locations.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">- </span><span style="font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">A few tributaries</span><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> may start to feed into a mature river.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">- A mature stream is called a “graded stream” which means that the </span><span style="font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">erosion and deposition are in balance</span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://img.geocaching.com/cache/5f2f82d5-11a4-44ef-9f00-f22f5ef0f0c2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><img border="0" height="256" src="http://img.geocaching.com/cache/5f2f82d5-11a4-44ef-9f00-f22f5ef0f0c2.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">This river is old due to its large meanders, many tributaries, large floodplain, and meander scars.</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">- In old rivers, there are very </span><span style="font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">large meanders</span><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> that have formed by the deposition and erosion over time.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">- Features such as </span><span style="font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">oxbow lakes</span><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> and </span><span style="font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">meander scars</span><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> are present, showing that the river has changed course.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">- There is a </span><span style="font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">large floodplain</span><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, formed by many flooding events.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">- It has a very</span><span style="font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> low gradient</span><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> since the mouth will have reached nearly base level from all the downcutting earlier in its life.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">- Since the gradient is low, old streams have </span><span style="font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">low velocities</span><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> as well.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">- Because the velocity is low, there is</span><span style="font-weight: bold; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> more deposition</span><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> since the water doesn’t have the energy to carry the sediment.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">By looking at the river and identifying its various features, it is relatively easy to determine a river’s relative age.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Have a fantastic day!</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Image Citations:</span><br />
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<b id="docs-internal-guid-666f0d88-e7a9-e7fb-34f9-e049adfaac33" style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
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<b id="docs-internal-guid-666f0d88-e7a9-e7fb-34f9-e049adfaac33" style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: white; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Old, meandering river. Digital image. </span><span style="background-color: white; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Geocaching</span><span style="background-color: white; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. Groundspeak, Inc., 22 July 2010. Web. 27 May 2013. <http://img.geocaching.com/cache/5f2f82d5-11a4-44ef-9f00-f22f5ef0f0c2.jpg>.</span></span></b><br />
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span></b>
<b id="docs-internal-guid-26b565e1-f746-fad0-fdb3-a8df32e9cb98" style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: white; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Young River. Digital image. </span><span style="background-color: white; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Geonet</span><span style="background-color: white; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. N.p., 2 Oct. 2007. Web. 30 May 2013. <http://info.geonet.org.nz/download/attachments/951751/young-river-30-09-2007-3.jpg>.</span></span></b></div>
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<b id="docs-internal-guid-666f0d88-e7a9-e7fb-34f9-e049adfaac33" style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b id="docs-internal-guid-3e788b8d-e795-e0bc-8d94-b7870825b8dc" style="font-weight: normal;"><b id="docs-internal-guid-666f0d88-e7a9-e7fb-34f9-e049adfaac33" style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><b id="docs-internal-guid-3e788b8d-e795-e0bc-8d94-b7870825b8dc" style="font-weight: normal;"></b></span></b></b></span></b></div>
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<b id="docs-internal-guid-666f0d88-e7a9-e7fb-34f9-e049adfaac33" style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b id="docs-internal-guid-3e788b8d-e795-e0bc-8d94-b7870825b8dc" style="font-weight: normal;"><b id="docs-internal-guid-666f0d88-e7a9-e7fb-34f9-e049adfaac33" style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b id="docs-internal-guid-3e788b8d-e795-e0bc-8d94-b7870825b8dc" style="font-weight: normal;"><b id="docs-internal-guid-666f0d88-e7a9-e7fb-34f9-e049adfaac33" style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline;">UC Berkeley. Amazon River. Digital image. </span><span style="font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline;">Treehugger</span><span style="vertical-align: baseline;">. MNN Holdings, LLC, 8 Feb. 2010. Web. 27 May 2013. <http://media.treehugger.com/assets/images/2011/10/amazon-river-hydropiracy.jpg></span></span></b></b></span></b></b></span></b></div>
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</b>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3276680073332214577.post-57173990664377877682013-05-28T16:52:00.002-07:002013-05-30T14:32:01.839-07:00River Features<b id="docs-internal-guid-26db3d79-e70d-20a9-469b-c9c7bf0af188" style="font-weight: normal;"></b><br />
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<b id="docs-internal-guid-26db3d79-e70d-20a9-469b-c9c7bf0af188" style="font-weight: normal;"><b id="docs-internal-guid-26db3d79-e70d-20a9-469b-c9c7bf0af188" style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></b></b></div>
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<b id="docs-internal-guid-26db3d79-e70d-20a9-469b-c9c7bf0af188" style="font-weight: normal;"><b id="docs-internal-guid-26db3d79-e70d-20a9-469b-c9c7bf0af188" style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b id="docs-internal-guid-26db3d79-e70d-20a9-469b-c9c7bf0af188" style="font-weight: normal;"></b></span></b></b></div>
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<b id="docs-internal-guid-26db3d79-e70d-20a9-469b-c9c7bf0af188" style="font-weight: normal;"><b id="docs-internal-guid-26db3d79-e70d-20a9-469b-c9c7bf0af188" style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b id="docs-internal-guid-26db3d79-e70d-20a9-469b-c9c7bf0af188" style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Feature Fact File: River features</span></span></b></span></b></b></div>
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<b style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.15;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></b>
<b id="docs-internal-guid-26db3d79-e70d-20a9-469b-c9c7bf0af188" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.15;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">There are many features on a river, but here is a brief description of a few of them:</span></span></b><br />
<b style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.15;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></b>
<b id="docs-internal-guid-26db3d79-e70d-20a9-469b-c9c7bf0af188" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.15;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Meanders - The bends in the river. They form when the water in a river encounters more friction on one side of the channel than the other, so the water on each side moves at different speeds. The faster water has more energy so it erodes more, while the slower moving side had less energy and deposits more. Therefore over time, the river curves towards the side where the erosion is occurring, forming meanders. </span></span></b><br />
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<a href="http://saltmarshlife.com/image/Saltmarsh%20meanders%202903-66.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://saltmarshlife.com/image/Saltmarsh%20meanders%202903-66.jpg" width="213" /></a></div>
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<span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Meander Cutoffs - A shortcut for the river across the riverbed. The river decided that it doesn’t want to go around the entire meander, so it cuts across the river bank. </span></span></div>
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<span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Oxbow Lakes - Abandoned meanders. When the meander cutoff becomes the preferred way to travel, deposition from the meander cutoff can separate the meander from the rest of the river, creating an oxbow lake.</span></span></div>
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<a href="http://cgz.e2bn.net/e2bn/leas/c99/schools/cgz/accounts/staff/rchambers/GeoBytes%20GCSE%20Blog%20Resources/Images/Rivers/ox-bow_lake.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="220" src="http://cgz.e2bn.net/e2bn/leas/c99/schools/cgz/accounts/staff/rchambers/GeoBytes%20GCSE%20Blog%20Resources/Images/Rivers/ox-bow_lake.gif" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Point Bar - The inside of a meander where a mini sandbar is formed from all the deposition. The water encounters more friction on this side so it slows down, losing energy. It no longer has enough energy to carry the sediment, so it is deposited here, forming a point bar.</span></span></div>
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<span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Cutbanks - The outside of a meander where there is a lot of erosion. The river moves faster here since there is less friction. Therefore the water has more energy and can carry a lot of sediment, so it erodes a lot. </span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrd3zYWdlF8vZdRVVoAn2Edvirtxi0lriCnDFoJ832G-lQ965FWPR6wwXTAepPCkq1YD0o3hrlTd0NnQNVmCRtvMJL3SyshVoOm5DxIuuvaChfCk16jEGRavW3hHLvoOYr1qNV2kaRlmW1/s1600/PointBarCutBank.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="337" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrd3zYWdlF8vZdRVVoAn2Edvirtxi0lriCnDFoJ832G-lQ965FWPR6wwXTAepPCkq1YD0o3hrlTd0NnQNVmCRtvMJL3SyshVoOm5DxIuuvaChfCk16jEGRavW3hHLvoOYr1qNV2kaRlmW1/s400/PointBarCutBank.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Floodplains -The area around the river made of fine grained material that would be underwater in a flooding event.</span></span></div>
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<span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Levees - Sandy ridges running parallel to the river. When a river floods, the largest material is deposited first on the edge of the river, forming the levees.</span></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.angelfire.com/hero/gerald_koh_s9029362a/images/floodp14.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="195" src="http://www.angelfire.com/hero/gerald_koh_s9029362a/images/floodp14.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Crevasse Splay - A place where water has broken through a river and splays out onto the floodplain.</span></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.geodz.com/deu/d/images/1674_crevasse_splay.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="180" src="http://www.geodz.com/deu/d/images/1674_crevasse_splay.png" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Yazoo Streams - Smaller streams running parallel to the river. They form after a flooding event when the water reorganizes itself into a this smaller stream. Yazoo streams indicate that the floodplain is very large.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></b>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Meander Scars - Marks on the river bank where meanders once were but have since moved. There is usually deposited material there.</span></b><br />
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></b>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://c3e308.medialib.glogster.com/media/d5/d56c1133c70dddbee9cadaec284485495a1c640683dbd4920338ea1011dd8cf2/floodplain1-gif.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="230" src="http://c3e308.medialib.glogster.com/media/d5/d56c1133c70dddbee9cadaec284485495a1c640683dbd4920338ea1011dd8cf2/floodplain1-gif.gif" width="400" /></a></div>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></b>
<br /><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span></span><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Have a fantastic day!</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></b>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></b>
Image Citations:</span></b><br />
<b id="docs-internal-guid-666f0d88-e725-1044-a3cc-d0a17639b3b9" style="font-weight: normal;"></b><br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<b id="docs-internal-guid-666f0d88-e725-1044-a3cc-d0a17639b3b9" style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: white; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Crevasse Splay. Digital image. </span><span style="background-color: white; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">GeoDZ.com</span><span style="background-color: white; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 May 2013. <http://www.geodz.com/deu/d/images/1674_crevasse_splay.png>.</span></span></b></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<b id="docs-internal-guid-666f0d88-e725-1044-a3cc-d0a17639b3b9" style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<b id="docs-internal-guid-666f0d88-e725-1044-a3cc-d0a17639b3b9" style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Diagram of erosion and deposition on a river. Digital image. </span><span style="font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Peru</span><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. N.p., 3 May 2011. Web. 27 May 2013. <https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrd3zYWdlF8vZdRVVoAn2Edvirtxi0lriCnDFoJ832G-lQ965FWPR6wwXTAepPCkq1YD0o3hrlTd0NnQNVmCRtvMJL3SyshVoOm5DxIuuvaChfCk16jEGRavW3hHLvoOYr1qNV2kaRlmW1/s1600/PointBarCutBank.jpg>.</span></span></b></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<b id="docs-internal-guid-666f0d88-e725-1044-a3cc-d0a17639b3b9" style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<b id="docs-internal-guid-666f0d88-e725-1044-a3cc-d0a17639b3b9" style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Diagram of the formation of an oxbow lake. Digital image. </span><span style="font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Rashid's Blog</span><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. N.p., 27 Apr. 2011. Web. 27 May 2013. <http://cgz.e2bn.net/e2bn/leas/c99/schools/cgz/accounts/staff/rchambers/GeoBytes%20GCSE%20Blog%20Resources/Images/Rivers/ox-bow_lake.gif>.</span></span></b></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<b id="docs-internal-guid-666f0d88-e725-1044-a3cc-d0a17639b3b9" style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<b id="docs-internal-guid-666f0d88-e725-1044-a3cc-d0a17639b3b9" style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Floodplain and Levees. Digital image. </span><span style="font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Floodplains</span><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 May 2013. <http://www.angelfire.com/hero/gerald_koh_s9029362a/images/floodp14.jpg>.</span></span></b></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<b id="docs-internal-guid-666f0d88-e725-1044-a3cc-d0a17639b3b9" style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<b id="docs-internal-guid-666f0d88-e725-1044-a3cc-d0a17639b3b9" style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Lemke, K. A. River features. Digital image. </span><span style="font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Glogster</span><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 May 2013. <http://c3e308.medialib.glogster.com/media/d5/d56c1133c70dddbee9cadaec284485495a1c640683dbd4920338ea1011dd8cf2/floodplain1-gif.gif>.</span></span></b></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<b id="docs-internal-guid-666f0d88-e725-1044-a3cc-d0a17639b3b9" style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<b id="docs-internal-guid-666f0d88-e725-1044-a3cc-d0a17639b3b9" style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Wechsler, Doug. Meanders. Digital image. </span><span style="font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Salt Marsh Life</span><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 May 2013. <http://saltmarshlife.com/image/Saltmarsh%20meanders%202903-66.jpg></span></span></b></div>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span></b>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3276680073332214577.post-17269555851784010372013-05-28T16:52:00.000-07:002013-05-30T14:30:57.491-07:00Kettle Holes<div dir="ltr" id="docs-internal-guid-445f2516-d704-7d5e-0d7b-3be3f0c8c978" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://notendur.hi.is/oi/Eyjabakkajokull%20photos/Kettle%20hole.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><img border="0" height="297" src="https://notendur.hi.is/oi/Eyjabakkajokull%20photos/Kettle%20hole.JPG" width="400" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">A kettle hole in Iceland</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: large; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;">Feature Fact File: Kettle holes and lakes</span></div>
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">What are kettle holes?</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> Kettle holes are depression in the ground that have very steep sides. They can fill up with water to form lakes or ponds.</span></div>
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">How do kettles form?</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">
Kettle holes form when a chunk of ice that is separated from the
glacier is buried by sand. They are very large pieces of ice, so they
form a depression where they sit. Eventually, the ice melts, leaving
behind a hole. </span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.landforms.eu/cairngorms/images/kettle-hole.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><img border="0" height="221" src="http://www.landforms.eu/cairngorms/images/kettle-hole.gif" width="400" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">How a kettle hole forms.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Where do kettles form?</span></div>
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> Kettles form in the outwash plain of a glacier.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Have a fantastic day!</span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Image Citations:</span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: xx-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: xx-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;"><b id="docs-internal-guid-666f0d88-e12d-d31b-d2e8-5277c8055d9e" style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ingólfsson, Ólafur. Kettle Hole in sandur sediments, in front of the 1890 Brúarjökull surge moraine. Digital image. </span><span style="background-color: white; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ólafur Ingólfsson</span><span style="background-color: white; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. N.p., 2004. Web. 26 May 2013. <https://notendur.hi.is/oi/Eyjabakkajokull%20photos/Kettle%20hole.JPG>.</span></b></span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: xx-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></b></span>
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: xx-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;"><b id="docs-internal-guid-666f0d88-e128-3ca2-3189-28af3ba7e774" style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Kettle Hole Formation. Digital image. </span><span style="background-color: white; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Cairngorm Landscapes</span><span style="background-color: white; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 May 2013. <http://www.landforms.eu/cairngorms/images/kettle-hole.gif>.</span></b></span><br />
<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3276680073332214577.post-86477572391260446842013-05-28T16:51:00.002-07:002013-05-30T14:30:09.990-07:00Drumlins<div dir="ltr" id="docs-internal-guid-589b3de7-d700-b8b0-9bd7-59e39812f97d" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://dnowlan.ca/VM/science7/planetearth/drumlin.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><img border="0" height="251" src="http://dnowlan.ca/VM/science7/planetearth/drumlin.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">A drumlin.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: large; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;">Feature Fact File: Drumlins</span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.15;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.15;">What is a drumlin?</span><br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;">Drumlins
are asymmetrical hills made of poorly sorted till. They typically have
one very steep side and one more gradually sloping side which indicates
the direction the glacier moved. They are typically found in groups.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.15;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.15;">How does a drumlin form?</span><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.15;"> </span><br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;">A drumlin forms when the glacier bulldozes a pile of sediment (till)
forward as it advances. This is what forms the steep side of the
drumlin. Eventually, the glacier continues to move forward, but instead
of continuing the bulldozing motion, the glacier slides down the other
side of the pile, forming the less steep side of the drumlin. However,
this is not the only way in which a drumlin’s gradual side is formed. It
can also be created if the glacier stops moving after it bulldozes the
material, and instead, meltwater runs down the snout, smoothing the
other side of the drumlin. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><br /><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span>
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.landforms.eu/Lothian/images/drumlin.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><img border="0" height="235" src="http://www.landforms.eu/Lothian/images/drumlin.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">A nice example of the formation of a drumlin.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;">Where do drumlins form?</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;"> Drumlins form at the snouts of glaciers, where the sediment is being pushed forward.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.15;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.15;">Other interesting facts:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;"> The word drumlin comes from the Gaelic word </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;">drum</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;">,
meaning “little ridge”. This feature was first named by Maxwell Henry
Close, an Irish geologist and clergyman, who studied the glaciers in
Ireland in the 1800s.</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;">Have a fantastic day!</span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;">Image Citations:</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: xx-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: xx-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;"><b id="docs-internal-guid-666f0d88-e11d-67db-6d4e-fbdc281e6482" style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Drumlin Formation. Digital image. </span><span style="background-color: white; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">East Lothian Landscapes</span><span style="background-color: white; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 May 2013. <http://www.landforms.eu/Lothian/images/drumlin.jpg>.</span></b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: xx-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></b></span>
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: xx-small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;"><b id="docs-internal-guid-666f0d88-e123-4480-d9cb-080575c1a6cf" style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Morley Bow Valley, Alberta</span><span style="background-color: white; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. Digital image. </span><span style="background-color: white; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Vincent Massey Junior High School</span><span style="background-color: white; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. N.p., Feb. 2002. Web. 26 May 2013. <http://dnowlan.ca/VM/science7/planetearth/drumlin.jpg>.</span></b></span></span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3276680073332214577.post-3956102032564225682013-05-28T16:51:00.001-07:002013-05-30T14:28:19.929-07:00Eskers<div dir="ltr" id="docs-internal-guid-09f50388-d707-2c31-8c5e-813fe337ae15" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.onegeology.org/extra/kids/images/P219697esker.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><img border="0" height="260" src="http://www.onegeology.org/extra/kids/images/P219697esker.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">An esker</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="line-height: 17px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="line-height: 17px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Feature Fact File: Eskers</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.15;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.15;">What exactly is an esker?</span><br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;">
An esker is a narrow ridge of stratified sediment, meaning that it is
well sorted and has layers. The reason it is well sorted is due to the
fact that the sediment used to be carried in a stream of meltwater.
Eskers have steep sides and can be up to 500 miles (but not continuous)
long. They are not usually more than 1000 feet wide and 150 feet tall.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.15;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.15;">How do eskers form?</span><br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;">
Eskers form when streams of glacial meltwater form tunnels underneath
the glacier. These streams transport sediment that the meltwater picks
up down is tunnel. Over time, this sediment is deposited in the
streambed and eventually the tunnel will be completely filled. When the
glacier retreats, the sediment remains in the ridge-like shape of the
ice tunnel that it once filled. </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.dmr.nd.gov/ndgs/ndnotes/Eskers/images/esker%20formed%20copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><img border="0" height="190" src="https://www.dmr.nd.gov/ndgs/ndnotes/Eskers/images/esker%20formed%20copy.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">As shown here, eskers form when ice tunnels get clogged with sediment, leaving a ridge behind when the glacier retreats.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.15;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.15;">Where do eskers form?</span><br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;">
Well, we kind of just talked about how they eskers form in these ice
tunnels. The tunnels themselves are typically located in the ground
moraine of a continental glacier.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.15;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.15;">Other interesting facts:</span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;"> Due to their long winding shape, many roads are built on top of eskers.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span>
Have a fantastic day!</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br />
<br />
Image Citations:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></b>
<b id="docs-internal-guid-666f0d88-dba3-cc30-14bc-33c132e187fe" style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: white; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">An esker. Digital image. </span><span style="background-color: white; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">NE Geology Kids</span><span style="background-color: white; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. OneGeology, n.d. Web. 25 May 2013. <http://www.onegeology.org/extra/kids/images/P219697esker.jpg>.</span></span></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></b>
<b id="docs-internal-guid-666f0d88-db9f-b335-849f-8657c59b18c6" style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Formation of an esker. Digital image. </span><span style="background-color: white; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">North Dakota</span><span style="background-color: white; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. North Dakota Geological Survey, 29 Aug. 2007. Web. 25 May 2013. <https://www.dmr.nd.gov/ndgs/ndnotes/Eskers/images/esker%20formed%20copy.jpg>.</span></b></span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3276680073332214577.post-43916943263106394872013-05-28T16:50:00.002-07:002013-05-28T16:50:34.383-07:00Kame Deltas<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.15;"><span style="font-size: large;">Feature Fact File: Kame Deltas</span></span><br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">What is a kame delta? </span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Kame
deltas are irregularly shaped hills of well sorted and stratified
sediment. They are a type of kame, but they form in a distinct manner
(which we will discuss in a few moments). Because of their unique
formation, one of their sides are much steeper than the other, which is
called an ice contact slope. Kame deltas are layered are layered
because streams deposited the sediment. The layers are always parallel
to the less steep side.</span></div>
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">How do kame deltas form?</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">
Kame deltas form when a stream of meltwater carrying sediment flow off
the snout of the glacier. This causes the sediment to build up at the
base, making the snout of the glacier seem less steep. When the glacier
retreats, the kame delta remains with two distinct sides: one that was
touching the glacier (the ice contact slope), and the
one that the melt water flowed over. </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.accessscience.com/loadBinary.aspx?filename=290200FG0040.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><img border="0" height="233" src="http://www.accessscience.com/loadBinary.aspx?filename=290200FG0040.gif" width="400" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">If you look to the right of the image, you can see how a kame delta forms.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Where do kame deltas form? </span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<div style="line-height: 1.15;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> Kame deltas form at the snouts of glaciers. </span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.15;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.15;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Fun fact:</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.15;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Kame deltas are also sometimes called ice contact heads.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.15;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.15;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 17px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Image Citation:</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 17px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span>
<b id="docs-internal-guid-666f0d88-e141-11bd-eb3b-e8172a7a15f3" style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: white; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Development of Kames</span><span style="background-color: white; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. Digital image. </span><span style="background-color: white; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Access Science</span><span style="background-color: white; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. McGraw Hill Education, n.d. Web. 26 May 2013. <http://www.accessscience.com/loadBinary.aspx?filename=290200FG0040.gif>.</span></span></b></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3276680073332214577.post-31838327251174499702013-05-28T16:50:00.000-07:002013-05-30T14:25:48.846-07:00Kames<div dir="ltr" id="docs-internal-guid-66f36bae-d707-f5cc-7021-98e0452ebdb3" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.uleth.ca/edu/currlab/handouts/geology/ice52kamekettlebig.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="262" src="http://www.uleth.ca/edu/currlab/handouts/geology/ice52kamekettlebig.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A kame<br />
<br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large; line-height: 1.15;">Feature Fact File: Kames</span></div>
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">What is a kame? </span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">
A kame is a mound of well sorted sediment, usually sand or gravel. The
sediment may be somewhat layered. They form in a variety of sizes and
shapes, however, most are vaguely cone-shaped and are not very tall.</span></div>
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">How do kames form?</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">
Kames form when melt water and the sediment it carries collect in a
depression on the top of the glacier. Slowly, as the glacier melts, the
collection of sediment is lowered to the ground where it forms a hill.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.york.ca/NR/rdonlyres/rc4kh3lhixia4pqjohahgeauigckxjlekrveimghsb77tr4qo4ynaw5tfsd7ao562nzxz2yk3esbsf63rnmr46wg5h/Kame.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="220" src="http://www.york.ca/NR/rdonlyres/rc4kh3lhixia4pqjohahgeauigckxjlekrveimghsb77tr4qo4ynaw5tfsd7ao562nzxz2yk3esbsf63rnmr46wg5h/Kame.gif" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The formation of a kame (and some other features)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Where do kames form? </span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> Kames form near the snout of the glacier, where most of the ice is melting.</span></div>
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Fun Facts:</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> The word kame is from the scottish word for “crooked and winding”.</span></div>
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> If lots of kames form in the same area, it is called a kame field.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Have a fantastic day!</span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Image Citations:</span><br />
<b id="docs-internal-guid-666f0d88-e134-f5c6-29d2-0f8747be3728" style="font-weight: normal;"></b><br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<b id="docs-internal-guid-666f0d88-e134-f5c6-29d2-0f8747be3728" style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: white; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Kame. Digital image. </span><span style="background-color: white; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Stories in Stone Travels in Time</span><span style="background-color: white; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 May 2013. <span style="font-family: inherit;"><http://www.uleth.ca/edu/currlab/handouts/geology/ice52kamekettlebig.jpg>.</span></span></span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span></span></b></div>
<div>
<b id="docs-internal-guid-666f0d88-e134-f5c6-29d2-0f8747be3728" style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
<div>
<b id="docs-internal-guid-666f0d88-e134-f5c6-29d2-0f8747be3728" style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b id="docs-internal-guid-666f0d88-e138-492e-2691-3d0d23dfb242" style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">The formation of a kame and other glacial features. Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 May 2013. <http://www.york.ca/NR/rdonlyres/rc4kh3lhixia4pqjohahgeauigckxjlekrveimghsb77tr4qo4ynaw5tfsd7ao562nzxz2yk3esbsf63rnmr46wg5h/Kame.gif>.</span></span></b></span></b></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3276680073332214577.post-19445276878875635602013-05-28T16:49:00.000-07:002013-05-30T14:24:22.989-07:00Glacial Lakes<b id="docs-internal-guid-0fe262b8-ed73-2b73-750a-7593f45608d8" style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-cdOC2Uv1DqQ/T2Kp5i5KMKI/AAAAAAAAAEQ/1P01F7sLHPs/s1600/Glacial+Lake.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="266" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-cdOC2Uv1DqQ/T2Kp5i5KMKI/AAAAAAAAAEQ/1P01F7sLHPs/s400/Glacial+Lake.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">An artist's rendition of a glacial lake.</td></tr>
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</span></b><br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<b id="docs-internal-guid-0fe262b8-ed73-2b73-750a-7593f45608d8" style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">When the Laurentide Ice Sheet retreated about 18,000 years ago, features called glacial lakes were formed. They were fed a constant supply of meltwater by the nearby glacier and these streams deposited sand and gravel into the lakes. In this region, two particularly prominent lakes were Lake Sudbury and Lake Concord. </span></span></b></div>
<b id="docs-internal-guid-0fe262b8-ed73-2b73-750a-7593f45608d8" style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span></span></b><br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<b id="docs-internal-guid-0fe262b8-ed73-2b73-750a-7593f45608d8" style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Lake Sudbury formed first, and it was located just south of present day Massachusetts Rt. 2. It was about 4 miles wide and 20 miles long. It was around 90 feet deep. Later, as the glacier retreated more, Lake Concord was created north of Rt. 2. On its northern side it was contained by ice and on the south and west it was contained by higher ground. </span></span></b></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSj1XmBF93k2ekWpgTxsArXWPwbTp0l-yCfZS33Ukqepfj5346xMpOGmFMUBAA1owqzi-CLMjQyh1llGUWwNigp8LMs1xyL6H_UVBx26YFyK0S3Ad9yjgWlRfVmYgMvHQgHBs5M_jross/s1600/Screen+Shot+2013-05-28+at+4.39.48+PM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="454" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSj1XmBF93k2ekWpgTxsArXWPwbTp0l-yCfZS33Ukqepfj5346xMpOGmFMUBAA1owqzi-CLMjQyh1llGUWwNigp8LMs1xyL6H_UVBx26YFyK0S3Ad9yjgWlRfVmYgMvHQgHBs5M_jross/s640/Screen+Shot+2013-05-28+at+4.39.48+PM.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A map showing the general coastlines of Lake Sudbury and Concord.</td></tr>
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<span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">It is thought that there were also many chunks of ice in these lakes that had yet to melt, making it likely that instead of being one huge expanse of water, they were actually made of many smaller lakes. This possibility also makes it unlikely that there were many waves on the lakes and therefore less erosion would have occurred. Scientists have searched for evidence of erosion from waves, but they have been unsuccessful, which adds proof to the idea that these lakes were choked with pieces of the glacier.</span></div>
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<span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Eventually, since these lakes are no longer present, all the water drained away through the various streams and rivers that formed during this time. This left behind a lake basin filled with clay and silt. In fact, colonial settlers in Massachusetts used this clay to make bricks to build their houses with. They also left behind features such as kame deltas, which you can learn about here.</span></div>
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<span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Have a fantastic day!</span></div>
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<b style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Image Sources:</span></b><br />
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></b>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.15; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">"Map of Concord, Mass." Map. </span><span style="background-color: white; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.15; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Geological Survey Professional Paper</span><span style="background-color: white; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.15; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. Vol. 475. Washington: United States Government Printing Office, 1963. 143. </span><span style="background-color: white; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.15; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Google EBook</span><span style="background-color: white; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.15; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. Google. Web. 28 May 2013. <</span><span style="color: black; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.15;"><span style="background-color: white; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">http://books.google.com/books?</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: black; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.15;"><span style="background-color: white; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: black; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.15;"><span style="background-color: white; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">id=LOAqAQAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=colonial&f=false</span><span style="background-color: white; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">>.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.15; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Pickering, Byron. </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.15; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Glacial Lake Missoula</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.15; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. Digital image. </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.15; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">ENB 105</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.15; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 May 2013. <http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.15; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">cdOC2Uv1DqQ/T2Kp5i5KMKI/AAAAAAAAAEQ/1P01F7sLHPs/s1600/Glacial%2BLake.jpg>.</span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3276680073332214577.post-65708269359494984512013-05-25T04:57:00.001-07:002013-05-30T14:22:42.367-07:00The Retreat of the Laurentide<span style="font-family: inherit;">Hello everyone! </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Previously I’ve told you a bit about the formation of the Laurentide ice sheet, the ice sheet that covered a large part of North America in the last ice age. However, since there obviously isn't a glacier there now, the great Laurentide has long since retreated. The ice sheet began to retreat around 20,000 years ago. By 18,000 years ago, it was gone from the region between Cape Cod to the Maine coast. Then, by 15,000 years ago, it has retreated from all of southern New England and the Gulf of Maine. 9,000 years ago all that was left of the Laurentide was an area in Quebec and Labrador with a size similar to Greenland. </span></div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://academic.emporia.edu/aberjame/student/martin1/lauren.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><img border="0" height="302" src="http://academic.emporia.edu/aberjame/student/martin1/lauren.jpg" width="320" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">How the Laurentide shrank over time as the climate warmed.</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Something that I have found interesting is how scientists have managed to calculate the rate of retreat of this glacier. Afterall, it was long gone by the time we ever got around to studying it. Basically, geologist have used radiocarbon and surface exposure dating techniques to determine the time at which the glacier left that area. Then they found the distance that location was from the starting point. By using the distance and age, they could figure out the speed by simple using distance divided by time (Ullman).</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 15px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">West Quebec: 700-900 meters/year</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Central Quebec: 300 meters/year</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>East Quebec: 150 meters/year</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">From this data it is clear that the ice sheet did not move at a constant rate. It moved at a much faster rate in the west and was significantly slower in the east. This could be because in order for the glacier to advance and grow if would need more snowfall to counterbalance the melting due to the warmer climate. On the east, the Atlantic Ocean provided enough moisture to supply the glacier with adequate snowfall to slow the rate of ablation. On the west, there were no water sourced, so the glacier did not receive as much snow to slow the melting.</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2009/3046/images/fs20093046_fig03.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><img border="0" height="280" src="http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2009/3046/images/fs20093046_fig03.png" width="400" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">A glacier grows if the accumulation is greater than the ablation. The Laurentide shrank because the ablation was greater than the accumulation.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">It is important for there to be data about the rate of ablation of the Laurentide ice sheet for two reasons. First, it helps us get a better understanding of earth’s past and history. Second, it also gives us an idea about what might happen to the Greenland Ice Sheet and the Antarctic Ice Sheet if the climate continues to warm. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="http://csdms.colorado.edu/wiki/Movie:Laurentide_Ice_Sheet">Here</a> is a link to a great animation of the Laurentide's retreat.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: 15px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Have a fantastic day!</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 15px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: 15px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: 15px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Image/Animation Citations:</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><br />
<b id="docs-internal-guid-666f0d88-db8b-dee9-3c6c-725c94cd6883" style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Laurentide Ice Sheet</span><span style="background-color: white; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. </span><span style="background-color: white; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">CSDMS</span><span style="background-color: white; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. University of Colorado, n.d. Web. 25 May 2013. <http://csdms.colorado.edu/wiki/Movie:Laurentide_Ice_Sheet>.</span></b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></b>
<b id="docs-internal-guid-666f0d88-db87-1a64-9c07-e14e18b99f3b" style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Short, N. </span><span style="background-color: white; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Laurentide Ice Sheet at circa 14,000 B</span><span style="background-color: white; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. Digital image. </span><span style="background-color: white; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Recovering the Lost World, A Saturnian Cosmology -- Jno Cook Chapter 9: Event of the Younger Dryas.</span><span style="background-color: white; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> N.p., 25 Mar. 2013. Web. 25 May 2013. <http://saturniancosmology.org/bin/lauren14kbp.jpg>.</span></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: white; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" />The accumulation and ablation of a glacier. Digital image. </span><span style="background-color: white; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">USGS</span><span style="background-color: white; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. U.S. Department of the Interior, 9 Jan. 2013. Web. 25 May 2013. <http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2009/3046/images/fs20093046_fig03.png>.</span></span><br />
<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3276680073332214577.post-40490165415598110692013-05-25T04:34:00.002-07:002013-05-30T14:21:40.522-07:00All About The Laurentide<div dir="ltr" id="docs-internal-guid-7c81fa02-d706-5a7d-ac69-b1199291d073" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.15; text-indent: 36pt;">Hello everyone!</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.15; text-indent: 36pt;">Today we are going to talk a little bit about the geologic history of Massachusetts and New England. As you probably know, in Earth’s past, the planet has experienced periods of cooling called ice ages for the past 2.6 million years during the Quaternary period. In these ice ages, large, moving ice masses, called glaciers were a prevalent feature of the topography. Even today, there are glaciers left over from our last ice age, although they are much less common.</span><br />
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<tr><td><span style="font-family: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><a href="http://cdn.physorg.com/newman/gfx/news/hires/2013/howtheiceage.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="266" src="http://cdn.physorg.com/newman/gfx/news/hires/2013/howtheiceage.jpg" width="400" /></a></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; line-height: 14px;">This is just an example of the types of glaciers that were common during the last ice age.</span><br />
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<span style="line-height: 18px; text-align: center;">The most recent ice age peaked about 23,000 years ago. Glaciers covered approximately 1/3 of all land on earth. All of these glaciers were formed by snow that turned into ice through compaction and recrystallization. Because of all the snow used to created these giant ice masses, nearly 5% of the earth’s water was trapped in the glaciers, which is over 10 million cubic miles of water. This caused the sea levels to fall eustatically, so the coasts then extended 100 miles farther out to sea than they do today. During the ice ages, the earth was a different planet.</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.iceagenow.com/SeaLevel_LastIceAge.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://www.iceagenow.com/SeaLevel_LastIceAge.gif" width="400" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">This is an image of what the coastlines of the world would have looked like during the last ice age.</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.15; text-indent: 36pt;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.15; text-indent: 36pt;">In
North America, an ice sheet covered a large portion of the continent.
It was called the Laurentide Ice Sheet and it stretched from northern
Canada to Long Island, a total of more than 5 million square miles. The
reason that this ice sheet was able to become so large was because at
that time there was a positive glacial budget. More snow was being added
than was melting, so the glacier was able to advance. Since it was an
ice sheet, it did not carve out the land the way an alpine glacier
would, instead, it blanketed the land as it spread out from its center.
This spreading was caused by the intense weight and pressure that the
ice was subjected to as more snow and ice was added above it. Although a
continental ice sheet like the Laurentide does not form erosional
features such as cirques and aretes, it does leave behind depositional
features when it retreats. Many of these features are still visible
today in the Massachusetts area, and they serve as a constant reminder
of our impressive geologic past.</span><br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://opinicon.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/laurentide-ice-sheet.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><img border="0" height="340" src="http://opinicon.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/laurentide-ice-sheet.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">This is the location of the Laurentide ice sheet as well as the other, smaller ice sheets that covered North America at this time.</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.15;"><br /></span>
<span style="line-height: 1.15;">In the next few weeks, I plan on visiting some of these depositional
features near me, but in the meantime I’ll continue to fill you in about
the history and features of the Laurentide ice sheet and the
Massachusetts area.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 1.15; text-indent: 36pt;"><br /></span>
<span style="line-height: 1.15; text-indent: 36pt;">Have a fantastic day!</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Image Citations:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span>
<b id="docs-internal-guid-666f0d88-db6e-796a-8d2c-3d98a45e9637" style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Lougheed, Stephen C., and Natalie Morrill. The location of the Laurentide Ice Sheet. Digital image. </span><span style="background-color: white; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Opinicon Natural History</span><span style="background-color: white; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. Queen's University, n.d. Web. 25 May 2013. <http://opinicon.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/laurentide-ice-sheet.jpg>.</span></b></span><br />
<b style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 1; text-indent: -36pt;"><span style="background-color: white; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-indent: 0px; white-space: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span></b></span></b></span></b>
<b id="docs-internal-guid-666f0d88-db72-f5a9-d442-135456396b3b" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 1; text-indent: -36pt;"><span style="background-color: white; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b id="docs-internal-guid-666f0d88-db72-f5a9-d442-135456396b3b" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-indent: 0px; white-space: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b id="docs-internal-guid-666f0d88-db75-b647-f490-793af59e1a3d" style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline;">National Geophysical Data Center. Sea Levels in the Last Ice Age. Digital image. </span><span style="font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline;">Not by Fire but by Ice THE NEXT ICE AGE - NOW!</span><span style="vertical-align: baseline;"> N.p., 11 July 2011. Web. 25 May 2013. <http://www.iceagenow.com/SeaLevel_LastIceAge.gif>.</span></b></span></b></span></b><br />
<b style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 1; text-indent: -36pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: white; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span></b>
<b id="docs-internal-guid-666f0d88-db72-f5a9-d442-135456396b3b" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 1; text-indent: -36pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: white; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Nygren, Harley D. </span><span style="background-color: white; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Antarctica</span><span style="background-color: white; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. Digital image. </span><span style="background-color: white; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Phys.org</span><span style="background-color: white; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. Phys.org, 1 May 2013. Web. 25 May 2013. <http://cdn.physorg.com/newman/gfx/news/hires/2013/howtheiceage.jpg>.</span></span></b><br />
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